Creating and modifying HTML

Summary

when you’ve targetted an HTML element using JavaScript, how do modify it, and create new HTML nearby? This article shows you how.

Introduction

In this article of the Web Standards Curriculum I’ll explain the basics of using JavaScript to manipulate the content of your pages, including showing and hiding parts of a page, and adding new HTML and removing it. At the end of this you’ll understand that the most fundamental thing we use JavaScript for is to change the contents of pages, and you’ll understand the best ways to do this.

Hiding and showing

The easiest place to start is with manipulating the HTML you’ve already got, by hiding or showing elements that are already in the page. To do this, you can use JavaScript to change the styles on an element. CSS styles are already a powerful way of describing how an element looks, and one part of how an element looks is whether it’s displayed at all. The CSS display property is the key to showing and hiding an element: setting it to display:none; hides an element. Imagine a paragraph like this:

<p id="mypara" style="display: none">I am a paragraph</p>

That paragraph would be invisible on the page. JavaScript allows you to dynamically add that display: none style to that element and take it away.

JavaScript is designed to allow you to get a reference to an HTML element. For example, var el = document.getElementById("nav"); will give you a reference to the element with id="nav". Once you’ve got a reference to an element, you can change the CSS applied to it by using the style attribute. For example, our above “mypara” paragraph is currently hidden (it has display: none set). To show it, set the style attribute display to block:

var el = document.getElementById('mypara');
el.style.display = 'block';

And lo, the paragraph appears. Setting CSS on an element through the style attribute does the same thing as setting it in the style attribute in the HTML itself, so the above code setting el.style.display = 'block' achieves the same effect as putting style="display: block" directly in your HTML. Except that it’s dynamic. Hiding any element is just as simple:

var el = document.getElementById('mypara');
el.style.display = 'none';

Hiding and showing example

Theory is all good, but a more practical example may be useful here. Imagine a set of tabs, where clicking on the tab itself shows it and hides all the others.

Here’s an example of a set of tabs:

<ol class="tablinks">
  <li><a href="#tab1">Tab 1</a></li>
  <li><a href="#tab2">Tab 2</a></li>
  <li><a href="#tab3">Tab 3</a></li>
</ol>

<div class="tab" id="tab1">This is tab 1</div>
<div class="tab" id="tab2">This is tab 2</div>
<div class="tab" id="tab3">This is tab 3</div>

In the head of the example file (see tabs.html for the live example), you’ll find the following CSS and JavaScript (these would normally be put in external files and imported into the HTML, but I’m keeping everything in one file here to make things simpler to navigate). Some of the code looks intimidating; don’t worry, we’ll go through it.

<style type="text/css">
ol.tablinks {
  margin: 0; padding: 0;
}
ol.tablinks li {
  float: left;
  border: 2px solid red;
  border-width: 2px 2px 0 2px;
  background: #eee;
  list-style: none;
  padding: 5px;
  margin: 0;
}
ol.tablinks li a {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: black;
}
div.tab {
  clear: left;
  border: 2px solid red;
  border-width: 1px 2px 2px 2px;
}
</style>

<script type="text/javascript">
var tabify = {
  hasClass: function(el,c) {
    return el.className.match(new RegExp('(\\s|^)'+c+'(\\s|$)'));
  },
  addClass: function(el,c) {
    if (!tabify.hasClass(el,c)) el.className += " " + c;
  },
  removeClass: function(el,c) {
    if (tabify.hasClass(el,c)) {
      el.className=el.className.replace(new RegExp('(\\s|^)'+c+'(\\s|$)'),' ');
    }
  },
  hideAllTabs: function(ol) {
    var links = ol.getElementsByTagName("a");
    for (var i=0; i < links.length; i++) {
      tabify.setTabFromLink(links[i], "none");
   }
  },
  setTabFromLink: function(link, style) {
    var dest = link.href.match(/#(.*)$/)[1];
    document.getElementById(dest).style.display = style;
    if (style == "none") {
        tabify.removeClass(link, "active");
    } else {
        tabify.addClass(link, "active");
    }
  },
  addEvent: function(obj, type, fn) {
    if ( obj.attachEvent ) {
      obj['e'+type+fn] = fn;
      obj[type+fn] = function(){obj['e'+type+fn]( window.event );};
      obj.attachEvent('on'+type, obj[type+fn] );
    } else {
      obj.addEventListener( type, fn, false );
    }
  },
  init: function() {
    var ols = document.getElementsByTagName("ol");
    for (var i=0; i < ols.length; i++) {
      var ol = ols[i];
      if (!/(^|\s)tablinks(\s|$)/.test(ol.className)) { continue; }
      tabify.addEvent(ol, "click", function(e) {
        var target = window.event ? window.event.srcElement : e.target;
        if (target.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "a") {
          tabify.hideAllTabs(e.target.parentNode.parentNode);
          tabify.setTabFromLink(e.target, "block");
          if (e) e.preventDefault();
          if (window.event) window.event.returnValue = false;
          return false;
        }
      }, true);
      tabify.hideAllTabs(ol);
      tabify.setTabFromLink(ol.getElementsByTagName("a")[0], "block");
    }
  }
};
tabify.addEvent(window, "load", tabify.init);
</script>

Each tab is a link. Each link has an onclick event handler on it. That event handler does two things: it hides all the divs (using the display: none approach from above) and then shows the div corresponding to that tab, by setting that div’s style to display: block.

You’ll have noted that the HTML here is set up to still make sense even in the absence of scripting; while clicking a link won’t show or hide a tab, the links jump to the appropriate tab, so the page still operates correctly and makes semantic sense even in a browser without JavaScript. This is important: it’s a technique that you may have heard referred to as “progressive enhancement” (or, in the ancient tongue of three years ago “graceful degradation”, but we don’t call it that any more). It’s important not only for people who are using some modern browser but with JavaScript turned off, but for a host of other user types as well. Assistive technologies such as screen-readers for blind users rely heavily on the structure of your HTML being semantic and meaningful, and their support for JavaScript enhancements is not as good as those for sighted users. Mobile browsers also tend not to have as much useful support for scripting. Search engines also read your HTML and not your script—it could be said that Google is the world’s most voracious blind browser user. This is the meaning of the term “progressive enhancement”: start with a page that makes sense and displays its content in the most simple of environments, such as a text-only web browser, and then gradually add extra functionality to it so that at every step of the way your site is still usable and functional.

All JavaScript code basically comes in two parts: the part that actually does the work, and the part that hooks up that bit to the HTML. The code that actually does the work in this example is pretty trivial: showing the corresponding tab to a particular link is two lines of JavaScript:

var dest = link.href.match(/#(.*)$/)[1];
document.getElementById(dest).style.display = "block";

The links, if you remember, look like <a href="#tab1">Tab 1</a> and so the first line uses a regular expression (see the note below) to extract the part of the link that appears after the # symbol; in this example that would be the string tab1. That part of the link is the same as the ID of the corresponding div (because, as mentioned, the page is built to make sense semantically, so a “tab” links to its div). We then fetch a reference to that div with document.getElementById, and set style.display to block as previously discussed.

Regular expressions

Regular expressions are a sort of mini-programming-language designed to help with the problem of “parsing” text—for example, answering questions like “does this string appear inside this other string?“ and “in the string ‘abc123def’, what are the numbers between ‘c’ and ‘d’?” They’re a very powerful tool, but they’re also pretty complicated. There’s a description below of what the regular expression is for; for now, though, feel free to take how they work on trust and come back to it later.

The “regex” (short for “regular expression”) used in this example is /#(.*)$/. Each character in a regular expression is designed to match against a sequence of characters in some target string; the idea is to express how a target string is made up, in sections.

/ … / — the slashes denote the start and end of a regex, just like double or single quotes do for a “string”
# — the hash symbol (#) actually means “match a hash symbol”
( … ) — brackets mean “here is a section of the string that I’ll be interested in later”
.* — this means “any characters you like”; it’s actually a dot (.), meaning “any one character”, followed by asterisk (*) meaning “repeat as many times as you want”
$ — the dollar means “the end of the string”

So our regex describes a “matching pattern” for a string comprised of “a hash, followed by whatever characters you want”. link.href is the destination of the link we’re looking at (for example, #tab1, and since this is a string described by “a hash followed by whatever characters you want”), the “matching pattern” does apply to this string.

link.href.match(our_regexp), therefore, will return a true rather than false result; what it actually returns is an array of two things, ["#tab1", "tab1"]. The first is the text that was matched by the whole regex, and the second is the text matched inside the brackets; this is why the brackets are there—to mark that part of the string as “this is the bit we care about”. That tab1 is the string we want, so we can grab it out of the returned array (it’s the second item, so [1] will grab it — arrays start numbering at zero.)

Connecting the working code to the page

As mentioned above, there are two parts to the code: the part which actually does the work, and the part which hooks up that bit to the HTML. Hooking up the working code to the HTML is what events are for. In this particular example, we care about two events: the window’s load event, which is used to say “start everything off”, and the tab list’s click event, which is fired when the user clicks on a tab. When the page loads, we need to run the connection code, and the connection code should connect the tab click event to the code above, which displays the appropriate tab.

Running code in response to an event is done with the addEventListener function in most browsers and with the attachEvent function in Internet Explorer. Here we are creating a “wrapper” function, which does the right thing depending on which is supported:

addEvent: function(obj, type, fn) {
  if ( obj.attachEvent ) {
    obj['e'+type+fn] = fn;
    obj[type+fn] = function(){obj['e'+type+fn]( window.event );};
    obj.attachEvent('on'+type, obj[type+fn] );
  } else {
    obj.addEventListener( type, fn, false );
  }
}

(Don’t worry too much about how this works; just take it on trust for now—you’ll understand it better as you become more experienced in JavaScript.) This function takes three parameters, obj, type, and fn, which are “the object that fires the event”, “the event we care about”, and “the function to run when the event fires”. We need to run our function called tabify.init when the page loads; the tabify.init function will then take care of hooking up each tab’s click event.

addEvent(window, "load", tabify.init);

As you can see from the HTML structure above, a set of tabs are actually expressed as an ordered list with class="tablinks". So the tabify.init function needs to do the following:

Find all the <ol>s on the page with a class of tablinks
Attach to each <ol>’s click event some code that does the following:
1. Work out exactly which tab link the user clicked on
2. Work out which actual tab corresponds to that tab link
3. Show that one tab
4. Hide any other tabs

The init function that does all this looks like so:

init: function() {
  var ols = document.getElementsByTagName("ol");
  for (var i=0; i<ols.length; i++) {
    var ol = ols[i];
    if (!/(^|\s)tablinks(\s|$)/.test(ol.className)) { continue; }
    tabify.addEvent(ol, "click", function(e) {
      var target = window.event ? window.event.srcElement : e.target;
      if (target.nodeName.toLowerCase() === "a") {
        tabify.hideAllTabs(e.target.parentNode.parentNode);
        tabify.setTabFromLink(e.target, "block");
        if (e) e.preventDefault();
        if (window.event) window.event.returnValue = false;
        return false;
      }
    }, true);
    tabify.hideAllTabs(ol);
    tabify.setTabFromLink(ol.getElementsByTagName("a")[0], "block");
  }
}

Let’s walk through this function step by step, looking at what each part does in turn:

var ols = document.getElementsByTagName("ol");
  for (var i=0; i<ols.length; i++) {
    var ol = ols[i];
    if (!/(^|\s)tablinks(\s|$)/.test(ol.className)) { continue; }
  }

This finds all the <ol>s on the page with a class of tablinks—it then pulls up a list of all <ol>s and for each one, says “if this doesn’t have a class of ‘tablinks’, then skip it”. (Checking the class is done with a regular expression; continue means “skip over this one and on to the next”.)

tabify.addEvent(ol, "click", function(e) {
  ...
});

This attaches some code to each <ol>’s click event.

var target = window.event ? window.event.srcElement : e.target;

This works out exactly which tab link the user clicked on…

tabify.setTabFromLink(e.target, "block");

…then this shows that single tab…

tabify.hideAllTabs(e.target.parentNode.parentNode);

…and finally, this line hides any other tabs.

The setTabFromLink and hideAllTabs functions are also in the code; they use the techniques above to hide a tab or show it. Take a look at them to see how they work — they’re separate functions because it’s often useful to take a block of code that’s called from more than one place and put it in its own function. (It makes your code easier to understand and reuse in multiple places. People will sometimes refer to this as “breaking out” or “factorising” code into a function.)

There’s a bit of “extra credit” work in there as well, which neatly demonstrates more adding and removing of attributes. The setTabFromLink function not only displays the appropriate tab but also sets class="active" on the “active” tab. It does this with the help of three utility functions, hasClass, removeClass, and addClass. In the same way that we hide all the tabs and then show the active one, we use removeClass to remove “active” from the className of all the tablinks and then addClass to add “active” to the one tablink which is actually active. Just adding a class to a link may seem pointless — after all, classes are invisible — but it’s a hook for styling. We can (and have) make links with class="active" appear differently, by adding extra CSS:

ol.tablinks li a {
  background-color: red;
}

ol.tablinks li a.active {
  background-color: white;
}

So now, the “active” tab appears in white, while other tabs appear in red. Using JavaScript to add and remove classes is a very common technique, and one that you should use whenever possible; CSS is good at controlling layout and position and appearance of your HTML elements, and so using JavaScript to alter the classes on those elements means that they can pick up different CSS styles. It’s an ideal unification; JavaScript makes your elements dynamic but doesn’t actually change very much itself. Just add a class and let CSS do the heavy lifting.

Creating HTML

DOM scripting is much more powerful than simply altering the CSS properties of your existing HTML, though. You can also dynamically create new HTML that was never in your page to begin with. For example, on the tech news site Slashdot, a link in a comment displays the destination of the link in square brackets, so a link like <a href="http://opera.com">A web browser</a> will display as A web browser [opera.com]. (They did this to stop people being rickrolled, or worse.) Adding this extra bit of HTML, displaying the destination domain of every link on the page, will be easy to do with JavaScript.

Creating new HTML elements is done with the document.createElement function. For this example, we only need to add one thing: after each link, we’ll add a span containing text listing the domain of the link (check out linkify.html for a live example). The HTML for the example looks like this:

<p id="start">This is some text that has
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/struct/links.html">links</a> in it
to various places, including <a href="http://www.opera.com">Opera</a>,
<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/">the BBC</a> and an internal link to
<a href="#start">the beginning of this section</a>. All the external links
should have [domain] after them.</p>

The JavaScript looks like this:

<script type="text/javascript">
var linksuffix = {
  addEvent: function(obj, type, fn) {
    if ( obj.attachEvent ) {
      obj['e'+type+fn] = fn;
      obj[type+fn] = function(){obj['e'+type+fn]( window.event );};
      obj.attachEvent('on'+type, obj[type+fn] );
    } else {
      obj.addEventListener( type, fn, false );
    }
  },
  init: function() {
    var links = document.getElementById("linksuffixtext").getElementsByTagName("a");
    for (var i=0; i<links.length; i++) {
      var matches = links[i].href.match(/^http:\/\/(.*?)\//);
      if (matches) {
        var linkdomain = matches[1];
        var span = document.createElement("span");
        var spantext = document.createTextNode(" ["+linkdomain+"]");
        span.appendChild(spantext);
        links[i].parentNode.insertBefore(span, links[i].nextSibling);
      }
    }
  }
};
linksuffix.addEvent(window, "load", linksuffix.init);
</script>

The part of the script that does the work here is as follows:

var links = document.getElementsByTagName("a");
for (var i=0; i<links.length; i++) {
  var matches = links[i].href.match(/^http:\/\/(.*?)\//);
  if (matches) {
    var linkdomain = matches[1];
    var span = document.createElement("span");
    var spantext = document.createTextNode(" ["+linkdomain+"]");
    span.appendChild(spantext);
    links[i].parentNode.insertBefore(span, links[i].nextSibling);
  }
}

This breaks down like this:

var links = document.getElementsByTagName("a");
for (var i=0; i<links.length; i++) {
  ...
}

First, it finds all the links (getElementsByTagName("a")) in the document

var matches = links[i].href.match(/^http:\/\/(.*?)\//);
if (matches) {
  ...
}

This line uses a regular expression on each link to find out whether the destination of the link begins with http://something/. If it does…

var linkdomain = matches[1];
var span = document.createElement("span");
var spantext = document.createTextNode(" ["+linkdomain+"]");
span.appendChild(spantext);

…this next part first gets the “linkdomain”, the www.opera.com part of the link. It next creates a <span> element using document.createElement. Next, it creates a “textNode”. While HTML elements themselves are created with document.createElement, all text in an HTML document is actually contained within “textNode”s, and you have to create those separately. You don’t have to worry about this (or even know about it) when writing actual HTML, but you do have to know about it when creating elements using DOM scripting. The text in the textNode is actually “ [domain]”, created by concatenating (adding together) strings. Finally, this part uses the <span>’s appendChild method to put the textNode inside the span.

links[i].parentNode.insertBefore(span, links[i].nextSibling);

This line adds the span into the document. At this point, span is a reference to an HTML element that looks like this:

 [example.com]

That element however isn’t part of the document. It’s not part of any document yet; it’s just floating around in limbo. Adding the element to the document can be done in one of two ways: using appendChild as above, or using insertBefore. The appendChild function adds our new element at the end of an existing element (that’s why it’s called append). Since we want to add it in the middle of an existing element, we need insertBefore. Remember that our current bit of HTML looks something like this:

<p>... text that has
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/struct/links.html">links</a> in it
to ...

This equates to a DOM tree looking something like Figure 1:

IMAGE: DOM tree before the addition of the span element after the link

Figure 1: The DOM tree before the addition of the span element after the link

We want to insert our new span in between the <a> and the “in it to” textNode, so that it appears after the <a>. This would leave our DOM tree looking like Figure 2:

IMAGE: DOM tree after the addition of the span element

Figure 2: The DOM tree after the addition of the span element

or, more simply, HTML such as

<p>... text which has
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/struct/links.html">links</a>
 [domain] in it to ...

What would be handy here is to be able to say “insert our new span after the link”. Sadly, there is no insertAfter function. Instead, we need to insert it before the thing after the link (confusing, but think about it and it’ll make sense). A quick shortcut to “the thing after an element labelled el” is el.nextSibling. The insertBefore function needs to be called on the element that you’re inserting into, which is the parent <p> of the link, quickly accessible with link.parentNode. So the full call, as above, is

links[i].parentNode.insertBefore(span, links[i].nextSibling);

That is, find the parent (<p>) of the link we’re currently processing (links[i]), and insert our created span element (span) before the thing after the link (links[i].nextSibling). Treating HTML as a DOM tree in this way and inserting new elements into it can be confusing at first, but it soon becomes clearer as you get more practice at it.

Summary

HTML provides the structure of your pages, and CSS provides the description of how it looks. What JavaScript brings is flexibility; your HTML structure and your CSS styles become dynamic. You can change how your pages look and feel and work from moment to moment, based on what your users do. It’s the next step up: from well-thought-out and well-structured information to data that changes depending on what your users need. You can show and hide elements, change styles and appearances, and add new HTML or remove the old in whatever way you need to.

Creating and modifying HTML

Summary

Introduction

Hiding and showing

Hiding and showing example

Regular expressions

Connecting the working code to the page

Creating HTML

Summary

See also

Exercise questions